Impact of Work Life Balance on Performance

Effect of Work Life Balance on Performance Part ONE Its everything about personal satisfaction and finding a glad harmony among work and loved ones Philip Green, British very rich person agent 1. Presentation: In refined and all around created social orders including both eastern and western nations the contentions of work and life balance has been the primary issue in the cutting edge and globalized economy. Clearly, the need to keep up adaptable work-life balance has gotten basic as the quantity of female laborers and low maintenance laborers have increased all the more part in the developing globalized worldwide associations (Shelton, 2006). These contentions are generally from cultural standards which despite everything requires a man to focus on vocations instead of on family issues, and it works the other way around with the female individuals from the general public who should deal with the family more as opposed to moving in the direction of their profession alternatives (Walker et al., 2008). The work-life weights and struggle among individual and expert jobs has become the essential region for investigates to discover the effect of hierarchical execution because of the imbalanced work-life culture and particularly the wellspring of hindrances ladies faces in the corporate society. It very well may be legitimized as the attention was more on low installment, low maintenance work culture and nonappearance at the top degrees of business (Doherty, 2004). Some more explores of Human Resource and their jobs contended that the work-life issue influences the expectations for everyday comforts of their representatives (Hammer et al., 2004; Shelton, 2006). It was likewise demonstrated by Shelton (2006), that the working example influences the work-life culture and techniques to keep up a fair structure and the authoritative execution. In United Kingdom an assortment of work-life balance rules and arrangements has been actualized by the Labor government since their three progressive principles since 1997 (Lewis and Campbell, 2007). 1.1 PURPOSE AND RESEARCH QUESTION: The principle reason for this exploration work is to dissect the effect of work-life balance on the hierarchical exhibition, particularly the retail division (TESCO), which is working at an enormous scope in United Kingdom and Europe and moving globally. The fundamental territory of this examination focuses on the shop floor laborers who work in direct connection with their clients who are the primary wellsprings of pay for the association. This examination can be utilized by the Store Managers and Operational Managers of TESCO to create and execute different needs and needs of their representatives particularly the shop floor laborers so as to improve the hierarchical exhibition. The accompanying inquiries are viewed as the primary regions of my examination: How the imbalanced work-life culture influences the authoritative execution in the retail business (TESCO), whose primary clients is the overall population. This inquiry prompts some sub-questions which should be dissected so as to accomplish the response for the fundamental territory of study, explicitly: How associations handle work-life clashes? Is there any effect on the work-life balance procedures on Human Resource and other administration rehearses? What are the primary procedures to keep up a decent work-life culture? What are the principle elements of inspiration? Is there any connection between work-life balance and hierarchical execution? My exploration is sorted out in a stream to comprehend the necessities and needs of a representatives who works in direct contacts with clients. In my first section the significant definitions to terms, job of adjusted work-life culture, and its significance in connection with Human Resource Management is talked about before moving to the writing some portion of my exploration work. In the following section the past examinations identifying with my exploration work has been fundamentally dissected to help my exploration work and descending to philosophy part to state how the information assortment work was completed to help my examination. This section delineates the manners in which used to gather information and how it was deciphered. The last section of my examination work is the critical one and it investigation all the information and gives exact consequences of my exploration study upheld by proposals and end to my work. 1.2 BACKGROUND: In the created nations, the work-life balance strife has picked up its noticeable quality as the globalized world will in general increment the degree of rivalry among the opponent firms in a similar segment. Consequently, it is viewed as that Human Resource Management division has a task to carry out in keeping up a decent work-life culture so as to spur the representatives to work submitted for the hierarchical development. The retail advertise in the United Kingdom is relied upon to plunge by 15% by 2011 esteeming over  £312bn (Datamonitor, UK Retail Futures 2011), indicating the log jam in the yearly development and the expansion in the working cost which goes about as the impediment to use the restricted accessible capital. The world monetary emergency and changes in the spending point of view of the overall population has changed the manner in which the retail business was working. Along these lines, Human Resource is considered as the indispensable division to handle this op erational changes by discovering ideal individuals for the correct activity and guarantee they work submitted for the hierarchical development. Along these lines by and large perspective on the retail business has been an intense test for the HRM to give elevated expectations of preparing and improvement projects to their representatives. And yet it is important to comprehend the necessities and prerequisites of the representatives at the operational level who straightforwardly work with the end clients so as to offer quality types of assistance. TESCO, a main grocery store retailer in the food and non-food segment working in United Kingdom and in 13 different nations around the globe have in excess of 500,000 representatives and moving quickly with new and expected markets. This shows the significance of Human Resource Management to keep up a fair work-life culture which will support hierarchical development. There are different inspirational elements that gives work fulfillment and assists with keeping up a healthy lifestyle, which must be distinguished so as to focus on that to give quality preparing and improvement needs. 1.3 CONCLUSION: This exploration work focuses on finding the inspirational variables and the degree of mindfulness among the Customer Assistants who work in the shop floor of TESCOs to improve the preparation and advancement programs. The current financial circumstance has saved the corporate with constrained sources and consequently it isn't savvy to spend parcel of cash on pointless and undesirable projects. The analyst has utilized the time and assets to gather and examine some related themes in the writing survey part before picking his examination techniques. After the conversation about the significance of the destinations in the writing survey the scientist moves to approach section to think about the accessible strategies and procedures to gather and dissect the information. Finally the broke down information is utilized to decipher and finish up the contention to discover a few proposals for the association. Part TWO Writing REVIEW: A days work is a days work, neither more nor less, and the man who does it needs a days food, an evenings rest and due recreation, regardless of whether he be painter or cultivator George Bernard Shaw 2.1 INTRODUCTION: The job of Human Resource Management has expanded of late, as the globe has gotten excessively little and the brands have moved globally. This upheaval in the worldwide exchange has expanded the idea of occupation to be additional time bound and client situated leaving the representatives parcel of worry to keep up a decent work-life culture. Consequently, it has become the essential job of Human Resource Department to prepare and build up their representatives to keep up a decent work-life culture. This section finds the writing research works that have been completed in the past to help the examination questions and points and goals of the exploration work. 2.2 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: The Human Resource Management (HRM) is experiencing huge change in structuring the board frameworks to use the gifted human abilities proficiently and viably to accomplish the expanded degrees of hierarchical objectives. A wide range of associations, including from little to huge, need to enlist, select, prepare and oversee successfully to achieve their individual and corporate objectives. Consequently, Human Resource is basic to satisfy the necessities of both side representatives and bosses. Then again HR needs to submit to the legitimate frameworks that has been dropped by the administration of the country, and particularly if there should arise an occurrence of worldwide or global business firms. Accordingly Human Resource Management is viewed as a fundamental administration office whose prime capable not just stick to enlistment and putting the representatives under employment, yet stretches out from work fulfillment and maintenance till retirement, as they are the principle cap ital of each association (Mathis and Jackson, 2007). The presentation of low maintenance work culture in United Kingdom has been the reason for the improvement of HRM exercises as the multicultural society faces parcel of legitimate and different issues from social foundations. Particularly the retail goliaths like TESCO, Sainsbury, Primark, and Marks Spencer are contributing parcel of their time and cash to outline some key frameworks to keep up a reasonable work culture which has its immediate effect on the hierarchical presentation (Maxwell et al., 2008). On the opposite certain individuals accept their work as their profession chance to develop inside a hierarchical division and works committed adjusting the two lives. In such cases the Human Resource Management needs to help their representatives through preparing and improvement projects to persuade them to go ahead with their fair work life. 2.3 RETAIL INDUSTRY: The developing innovation and internationalization has been a test to most businesses including the retail business which works

How sucessful has the government and the bank of england been in Essay

How sucessful has the administration and the bank of britain been in running the english economy in the course of recent years - Essay Example The significant Economies of the world are confronting a credit crunch and this has additionally influenced the British Economy in a larger number of ways than one. Acquiring credit has gotten one of the most troublesome errands and what's more; the expense of home loans has likewise antagonistically influenced the significant Economies of the world. â€Å"A noteworthy degree of present moment debtâ€unsecured or made sure about against property, just as credit cardsâ€is far reaching. In the course of the most recent ten years the economy under the Labor government has developed in huge part on account of purchaser spending financed by obligation. (The Impact, 1 October 2008). As indicated by a report it was discovered that out of 47.5 million grown-ups in UK, 4.8 million individuals were seen as spending more than what they earned. It is anticipated that soon the British Economy will be influenced by the credit crunch, much the same as the economy of United States of America. The British economy is confronting two significant issues starting at now in particular, the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) development is truly moderate and the increasing pace of Inflation has taken on a cost for the British Economy. The bank of England is taking a stab at everything conceivable to animate the financial development in the British Economy; the cut in the loan costs demonstrates the equivalent. Right now the British Economy can take a little fulfillment from the way that the business rate has increased and there is less joblessness found in Britain than what it used to be before. â€Å"â€Å"The business rate for individuals of working age was 74.5 percent for the three months to October 2007, up 0.1 from the past quarter however unaltered throughout the year. The quantity of individuals in work for the three months to October 2007 was 29.29 million, up 114,000 over the quarter and up 226,000 throughout the year. All out hours worked every week were 940.0 million, up 5.1 million over the quarter and up 11.7 million throughout the year. These figures for individuals in business and hours worked are the most elevated since practically identical records started

5 Free Thesis Alternatives for Beginners

5 Free Thesis Alternatives for Beginners Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Free Thesis Alternatives for BeginnersUpdated On 11/05/2019Author : Aman SinghTopic : WordPressShort URL : http://bit.ly/2oz8lPY CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogSo, coming to self hosted WordPress is actually a decision to be proud of. But, do you need to use a premium theme as soon as you start Blogging. My answer would be to wait and try some free themes. Just becuase you will have an idea of what kind of theme to purchase and use later in the future. Here are some themes that you can use as free thesis alternative for your blog.While, Im also a newbie. I would suggest all those new bloggers to try out some free thesis alternative and actually think about what kind of theme should they buy.Thesis is one of the best themes ever released and used. The  thesis theme  have almost all the features that can take you days to enhance. But, what if you dont have that much of money and want to know how does it feels and some of  the looks of the thesis theme. We have an idea, why dont you try these  non-paid  but still OK themes on your start-up blog. So, here we go. You can enhance these themes whenever you like by the CSS. But, as we all know, you will be later provided with a page with options to edit the theme if you like.1. Swift themeSwift theme is a magazine style theme and very much useful. It already have a pre-embedded slider which allows you to show posts, as a slideshow. Earlier published on this blog, a post tells you about the premium swift theme. But, there is also a free one.[Download Swift Theme]2.Niche WPThis theme is launched by a tech Blog Niche Wp. It is the fastest of all themes and loads your blog pretty fast, but you still need to capture the eyes of other by some modifications to the theme. For example, you can change the hover colors and theREADWordPress Ping List (2017) Services [UPDATED][Download NicheWP Theme]3.TechmaishTh e Techmaish theme was also launched by a personal blog and have a great look just like you can see in the Thesis themes. You dont need to enhance it more as it is already very modified.[Download Techmaish theme]4.Mantra themeThe mantra theme is the best of these all with a pre-provided menu to change the settings of the theme. You dont have to touch the CSS in this theme as it provides with its own menu to do that.[Download Mantra Theme]5.Techpad themeThe theme is very good looking and allows you to display your niche correctly among others. One of the chief features of this theme is that it is free and still very useful.[Download Techpad theme].I dont say that these themes are the best. But, hey! they dont cost you a penny. And as our elders tell us to have some experience about what we are going to buy. We would tell you to try them a bit, then getting some experience from these thesis alternatives, you will have the idea of which one to buy. And an experience about needs, more th an just looks.Please leave a comment of which one would you use if you were a newbie. Thanks for reading and keep coming ??This article is written by Aman Singh. He is a blogger, loves to read and addicted to write. He currently blogs at blogogeek. If you wish to write for us, kindly check this.

Second Battle of Bull Run of the American Civil War

The Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Manassas, Groveton, Gainesville, and Brawners Farm) took place during the second year of the American Civil War. It was a major disaster for the Union forces and a turning point in both strategy and leadership for the North in the attempt to bring the war to its conclusion. Fought in late August of 1862 near Manassas, Virginia, the two-day brutal battle was one of the bloodiest of the conflict. Overall, casualties totaled 22,180, with 13,830 of those Union soldiers. Background The first Battle of the Bull Run occurred 13 months earlier when both sides had gone gloriously to war for their separate notions of what the ideal United States should be. Most people believed that it would take only one big decisive battle to resolve their differences. But the North lost the first Bull Run battle, and by August of 1862, the war had become an unrelentingly brutal affair. In the spring of 1862, Maj. Gen. George McClellan ran the Peninsula Campaign to recapture the Confederate capital at Richmond, in a grueling series of battles that culminated in the Battle of Seven Pines. It was a partial Union victory, but the emergence of the Confederate Robert E. Lee as a military leader in that battle would cost the North dearly. Leadership Change Maj. Gen. John Pope was appointed by Lincoln in June of 1862 to command the Army of Virginia as a replacement for McClellan. Pope was far more aggressive than McClellan but was generally despised by his chief commanders, all of whom technically outranked him. At the time of the second Manassas, Popes new army had three corps of 51,000 men, led by Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel, Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks, and Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell. Eventually, another 24,000 men would join from parts of three corps from McClellans Army of the Potomac, led by Maj. Gen. Jesse Reno. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee was also new to the leadership: His military star rose at Richmond. But unlike Pope, Lee was an able tactician and admired and respected by his men. In the run-up to the Second Bull Run battle, Lee saw that the Union forces were yet divided, and sensed an opportunity existed to destroy Pope before heading south to finish McClellan. The Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two wings of 55,000 men, commanded by Maj. Gen. James Longstreet and Maj. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jackson.   A New Strategy for the North One of the elements that surely led to the fierceness of the battle was the change in strategy from the North. President Abraham Lincolns original policy allowed southern noncombatants who had been captured to go back to their farms and escape the cost of war. But the policy failed miserably. Noncombatants continued to support the South in ever-increasing ways, as suppliers for food and shelter, as spies on the Union forces, and as participants in guerrilla warfare. Lincoln instructed Pope and other generals to begin pressuring the civilian population by bringing some of the hardships of war to them. In particular, Pope ordered harsh penalties for guerilla attacks, and some in Popes army interpreted this to mean pillage and steal. That enraged Robert E. Lee. In July of 1862, Pope had his men concentrate at Culpeper courthouse on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad about 30 miles north of Gordonsville between the Rappahannock and Rapidan rivers. Lee  sent Jackson and the left wing to move north to Gordonsville to meet Pope. On Aug. 9, Jackson defeated Banks corps at  Cedar Mountain, and by Aug. 13, Lee moved Longstreet north as well.   Timeline of Key Events Aug. 22–25: Several indecisive skirmishes took place across and along the Rappahannock River. McClellans forces began to join Pope, and in response Lee sent Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry division around to the Union right flank. Aug. 26: Marching northward, Jackson seized Popes supply depot in the woods at Groveton, and then struck at the Orange Alexandria Railroad Bristoe Station. Aug. 27: Jackson captured and destroyed the massive Union supply depot at Manassas Junction, forcing Pope into retreat from the Rappahannock. Jackson routed the New Jersey Brigade near Bull Run Bridge, and another battle was fought at Kettle Run, resulting in 600 casualties. During the night, Jackson moved his men north to the first Bull Run battlefield. Aug. 28: At 6:30 p.m., Jackson ordered his troops to attack a Union column as it marched along the Warrenton Turnpike. The battle was engaged on Brawner Farm, where it lasted until dark. Both sustained heavy losses. Pope misinterpreted the battle as a retreat and ordered his men to trap Jacksons men. Aug. 29: At 7:00 in the morning, Pope sent a group of men against a Confederate position north of the turnpike in a series of uncoordinated and largely unsuccessful attacks. He sent conflicting instructions to do this to his commanders, including Maj. Gen. John Fitz Porter, who chose not to follow them. By afternoon, Longstreets Confederate troops reached the battlefield and deployed on Jacksons right, overlapping the Union left. Pope continued to misinterpret the activities and did not receive news of Longstreets arrival until after dark. Aug. 30: The morning was quiet—both sides took the time to confer with their lieutenants. By afternoon, Pope continued to assume incorrectly that the Confederates were leaving, and began planning a massive attack to pursue them. But Lee had gone nowhere, and Popes commanders knew that. Only one of his wings ran with him. Lee and Longstreet moved forward with 25,000 men against the Unions left flank. The North was repelled, and Pope faced disaster. What prevented Popes death or capture was a heroic stand on Chinn Ridge and Henry House Hill, which distracted the South and bought enough time for Pope to withdraw across Bull Run towards Washington around 8:00 p.m. Aftermath The humiliating defeat of the North at the second Bull Run included 1,716 killed, 8,215 wounded and 3,893 missing from the North, a total of 13,824 alone from Popes army. Lee suffered 1,305 killed and 7,048 wounded. Pope blamed his defeat on a conspiracy of his officers for not joining in the attack on Longstreet, and court-martialed Porter for disobedience. Porter was convicted in 1863 but exonerated in 1878. The Second Battle of Bull Run was a sharp contrast to the first. Lasting two days of brutal, bloody battle, it was the worst the war had yet seen. To the Confederacy, the win was the crest of their northward-rushing movement, beginning their first invasion when Lee reached the Potomac River in Maryland on Sept. 3. To the Union, it was a devastating defeat, sending the North into a depression that was only remedied by the quick mobilization needed to repel the invasion of Maryland. The Second Manassas is a study of the ills that pervaded the Union high command in Virginia before U.S. Grant was chosen to head up the army. Popes incendiary personality and policies bared a deep schism among his officers, Congress and the North. He was relieved of his command on Sept. 12, 1862, and Lincoln moved him out to Minnesota to participate in the Dakota Wars with the Sioux. Sources Hennessy, John J. Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Print.Luebke, Peter C. Second Manassas Campaign. Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities 2011. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Tompkins, Gilbert. The Unlucky Right Wing. The North American Review 167.504 (1898): 639–40. Print.Wert, Jeffry. Second Battle of Manassas: Union Major General John Pope Was No Match for Robert E. Lee. History.net. 1997 [2006]. Web. Accessed April 13, 2018.Zimm, John. This Wicked Rebellion: Wisconsin Civil War Soldiers Write Home. The Wisconsin Magazine of History 96.2 (2012): 24–27. Print.

The Changing Concept of Race in the South Essay - 580 Words

The Changing Concept of Race in the South Throughout the years, the concept of race has changed in the South. Slavery and the concept of â€Å"white supremacy† have largely contributed to the viewpoints of race in the southern states, as well as the rest of the country. The definition of race has changed, as well as the effects of race on a nation. Prior to the sixteenth century, race was defined as descendants of a common ancestor, or your kin. This definition was based solely on ancestry instead of the color of your skin. After the 16th century, the concept of race changed during the Age of†¦show more content†¦African Americans, however, were not free yet from the white population in the South. They needed political freedom and economic freedom, neither of which they had at the Civil War’s end. In 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, but it didn’t really mean the freed had their freedom The concept of race also changed in the South after the Civil War during the Reconstruction Era from 1865-1877. The concept of â€Å"white supremacy† was still strong and evident. Sharecropping came about for poor black and white farmers as a way to keep them working. Through this system, the poor farmers would never be able to pay off their debt to the landowner. Black codes were enacted in the South to keep conditions as close to slavery as possible. The Ku Klux Klan was created as a terror organization against the black population. Politics became intertwined with race in the South as well. Throughout the Reconstruction Period, politics were closely related to dealing with the controversy over slavery, white supremacy, and African American relations in the country. The political goals during Reconstruction were to get rid of the old power structure and to install the Republican Party into power in the South. Successes in politics and in the nation during this time were small and temporary, but one success was the election of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican South And German Imperialism Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pageshistory surrounding the relationship between slavery in the American South as well as in the African village of Togo, run by Germany. He opens with the importance of cotton in America’s social, political, and economic markets. Not only does Zimmerman explain the correlation between cotton and black labor, but he further explains black labor through Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Inst itute. 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Although defeat of the south forced theRead MoreThe Civil War And Changing Beliefs1404 Words   |  6 PagesLuis Murillo History 16-01 December 13, 2014 Professor Dawson The Civil War and Changing Beliefs The United States has always had a rocky history and at much more often instances than we would like to admit because of controversial actions of its own citizen’s with regard to the Constitution. The Civil War of 1861 up until 1865 was one of America’s first industrial modern conflict involving very sensitive social issues on slavery that divided the nation and pitted American men against other AmericanRead MoreHow I Understand Modernity As Well As The Emergence Of Sociology Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesuse the concept of modernity to describe these changes or in other words the making of the modern world. In this paper I will outline how I understand modernity as well as the emergence of sociology. 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Trade Liberalization A Win Winning Proposition And...

Introduction According to economic theory, trade is a win-win proposition and economic incentives should encourage trade and eliminate restriction to it. Probably that is the reason we observe a trade intensive global economy. Trade liberalization are not as simple as it appears. Questions such as which trading partner to choose, how much and how fast the liberalization should take place, and whether the additional trade is beneficial are still debatable for many developed and developing countries (Ciuriak, 2008 ). The international economic integration promotes a win – win situation on an aggregate national level. Nevertheless, the uneven distribution of cost and benefit in the industry level, and further to the firm and household level makes the trade liberalization controversial and politically difficult regardless of its benefits. under normal circumstances trade should lead to transfer of surplus from producer to consumer. However, some consumers may benefit more than others. Some might even lose. For instance, if the consumer’s preferred product being pushed out the market due to an intense competition. Reduction in trade barriers such as tariff and licensing requirement increases the competition for domestic industries. At the same time, it provides an access to foreign markets. This can provide advantages for some industries and drawbacks for others. Some firms will gain even in declining industries and some lose or forced to exit. The adjustment cost ofShow MoreRel atedSecret Recipe Plan10552 Words   |  43 Pagesinitiatives for manufacturing activities, tourism, the agricultural sector, transportation, and communication. Trade Policy Trade policy is to pursue trade liberalization through the rule-based multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Free trade agreements (FTAs) have traditionally been confined to trade in goods. However, after the establishment of the WTO, trade in services has been included in many FTAs. FDI /FII structure Malaysia government has a generally favourableRead MoreSecret Recipe Plan10568 Words   |  43 Pagesinitiatives for manufacturing activities, tourism, the agricultural sector, transportation, and communication. Trade Policy Trade policy is to pursue trade liberalization through the rule-based multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization (WTO). Free trade agreements (FTAs) have traditionally been confined to trade in goods. However, after the establishment of the WTO, trade in services has been included in many FTAs. 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What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront in establishing the economic determinants

Advanced Financial Accounting And Reporting - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Financial Accounting And Reporting. Answer: Requirement The evidence of impairment of individual trade receivables leads to recognition of provision for impairment loss. It can be ascertained from the latest annual report of WHK limited that trade receivables have been tested for impairment. Total amount of trade receivables that have been impaired stood at pre tax value of $ 5.4 million. Cash flow from impairment for trade receivables for year stood at $ 2223000 in year 2011 compared to $ (341000) in year 2010 when there was negative cash flow generated from impairment (Delisted.com.au 2018). Assessment of impairment of all assets is done by evaluation of conditions that are regarded particular to the group and any specific assets that might lead impairment. Impairment triggers that existed at reporting date is not considered by management and organization does not carry impairment of such assets. Impairment of assets is performed annually by making any adjustment in actual run off and trail run off (Macve 2015). Impairment testing of goodwill is conducted by WHK limited in three ways. In first method, allocation of carrying amount of goodwill is attributed to the cash-generating unit. Determination of recoverable amount of goodwill for all cash-generating units is based on value in use. Allocation of goodwill is done to such units if that has been acquired through business combination identified through country of operations and business segments (Bohuov 2015). Impairment testing for goodwill is conducted annually according to accounting policy. Determination of recoverable amount of goodwill is done for all cash-generating units that is based on value in use calculations using the projections of cash flow. Forecast of cash flow is performed by making the assumption such as growth rate, discount rate and gross margins. Aggregate carrying amount of cash generating unit cannot exceed recoverable amount if there is any possible changes in key assumptions. Value in use calculations forms the basis of recoverable amount of cash generating units. Organization conduct evaluation of conditions those are specific to particular assets such as economic environment, demand financial and professional services and any possible changes in legislation (Lin et al. 2017). Impairment of intangible assets such as goodwill is assesse according to accounting policy adopted by standard. Assets are tested for impairment on annual basis by making adjustment for any differences in experiences of actual run off and trail run off. Recognition of impairment loss is done in the statement of profit and loss. WHK limited recognized the provision of impairment of assets such as trade receivable when there is indication that it will not be recovered in future. Loss related to impairment is discounted at effective interest rate by making comparison between the present value of estimated future cash flow and carrying amount of assets (Horton 2018). Existence of any subjectivity in estimates of organization will help in accuracy of an impairment testing. The recoverable amount of assets in organization is determined by making judgments in respect of parameters and input. In this aspect, it is required by organization to carefully consider international accounting standard. Possibility that assets will be subjected to impairment is influenced by economic climate of specific regions and jurisdictions. WHK limited complied with accounting policies and standard while carrying out impairment of assets. Therefore, it can be said that impairment reporting process of organization is subjected to low degree of subjectivity (Krivogorsky 2015). However, key assumptions, estimates, and disclosure of uncertainty estimation are prone to subjectivity. Assumptions and estimates about impairment testing differ from one organization to another. Understanding the process of impairment testing of WHK limited seems to be interesting as it depicts all the factors that should be considered in evaluation of impairment of assets. Analysis of annual report of WHK limited depicts that accuracy impairment test is affected by many internal as well as external factors. Involvement of subjectivity involved in carrying out impairment makes the outcome of impairment of assets considerably different and this is done by not adhering to accounting standards and policies (Wong and Joshi 2015). It can be evaluated from analysis of annual report of WHK limited that organization has conducted impairment of trade receivables. Organization conducts impairment or impairment testing when there is objective evidence that it is not possible for the group to collect receivables. Generally, when there is likelihood that group will not be able to collect receivables, the make the provision of doubtful debt (You 2017). However, group in the current annual report dates 2011 has made provision for impairment related to trade receivables. Therefore, new information has been gained in respect of impairment provisions. Financial report of organization is prepared in accordance with Australian accounting standard that is issued by International Accounting standard board. Financial liabilities and financial assets of organization are held at fair value recognized through loss and profit. Measurements of financial assets are done at fair value and the cost of business combination is allocated to fair value of assets assumed at acquisition date. Determination of fair value is done by model of binomial valuation by making assumptions (Lim et al. 2014). One of the most important activities of any organizations is lease and majority of leased assets are not reported on balance sheet of lessee under existing lease standard. Critics of existing standard is attributable to the fact that users are not provided faithful representation of leasing transactions and thereby failing to provide with user requirement. Lease are classified as capital and operating lease and existing standard only requires to account for capital lease liabilities and assets on balance sheet. Different economics are involved in variety of lease transactions and absence of their disclosures does not reflect economic reality to users (Lee et al. 2014). Amount of leases presented in the financial report can be substantial and lack of transparency leads to provide deceptive information to investors. Existing accounting lease standard requires disclosures of only capital lease assets and liabilities and operating lease assets and liabilities are not obliged to be disclosed in the financial report of reporting entity. It is certainly possible that an organization will have thousand of lease assets and liabilities that are not depicted in financial metrics. This would lead to understatement of total amount of liabilities. This makes total liabilities mentioned in reported balance sheet of entity multiple times lower than liabilities that are off balance sheet. Moreover, calculations of substantial obligations to lease is done by making assumptions that results in lack of accuracy and thereby transparency (Vimpari and Junnila 2017). All the discussed factors make off balance sheet liabilities 66 times higher than on their on balance sheet. Financial position of airline companies can be difficult to be evaluated by investors. Reason is attributable to the fact that the financial position of company buying assets and leasing assets might be actually different. However, in actual scenario, the financial position of companies is significantly different from companies leasing most of its aircraft fleets and companies buying most of its fleet. Evaluation the financial leverage and operational flexibilities of these companies becomes difficult for investors (James 2016). Therefore, it can be said that there is no level playing field between airline companies under current lease standard. There will be wider implications for organizations adopting new accounting standard in terms of change in internal control and systems of doing business. Adoption of new standard requires additional cost for business, as they need to upgrade their system in an attempt to gather adequate knowledge. Several criticism against new standard include higher costs as balance sheet of lessee will appear more leveraged. Furthermore, management is required to assess knowledge adequacy concerning the implementation of new accounting standard for lease. Implementing the new standard would lead to alteration in financial metrics. Organization will be required to incur additional costs and thereby reducing the total amount of profits reported (Smyth 2015). Under new lease standard, lease term will require judgments in terms of relevant facts, recognition of lease liabilities and circumstances identification. Organization will exercise leasing options that will lead to reasonable uncertainty concerning economic reality. All the relevant actors pertaining to lease accounting in an organization such as contract based, assets based, market based and entity based and considered. Leasehold accounting will be improved significantly in terms of calculations, contracts terms and conditions, practice concerning lease and underlying assets relevance concerning operations of lessee. Economic reasons associated with leases will also be considered in new accounting standard. Under the existing standard, investors are required to make a rough estimate about operating lease accounts. New standard will not require investors to make estimate and do rough calculations for adding back lease liabilities or assets to balance sheet (Macve 2015). Moreover, ne w standard for leases will facilitate comparison between companies and smaller companies will receive more benefits. All this will assist investors in having informed decisions while making investment to any reporting entity. References Bohuov, H., 2015. Is Capitalization of Operating Lease Way to Increase of Comparability of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with IFRS and US GAAP?.Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis,63(2), pp.507-514. Horton, J., 2018.Advanced Financial Accounting and Reporting: Theory, Practice and Evidence. Routledge. James, M.L., 2016. Accounting for Leases: A Case Exploring the Effect of the New Lease Accounting Standard on the Financial Statements.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,22(3), p.152. Krivogorsky, V., 2015. ACCTG 501 Advanced Financial Accounting. Lee, B., Paik, D.G. and Yoon, S.W., 2014. The Effect of Capitalizing Operating Leases on the Immediacy to Debt Covenant Violations.Journal of Accounting and Finance,14(6), p.44. Lim, S.C., Mann, S.C. and Mihov, V.T., 2014. Market Recognition of the Accounting Disclosure and Economic Benefits of Operating Leases: Evidence from Borrowing Costs and Credit Ratings. Lin, K.C. and Graham, R.C., 2017. How Will the New Lease Accounting Standard Affect the Relevance of Lease Asset Accounting?. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Smyth, C., 2015. Lease lapses, development collapses.Park Watch, (262), p.4. Vimpari, J. and Junnila, S., 2017. Valuing retail lease options through time: Volatility spread between different types of retailers.Journal of Property Investment Finance, (just-accepted), pp.00-00. Wong, K. and Joshi, M., 2015. The impact of lease capitalisation on financial statements and key ratios: Evidence from Australia.Australasian Accounting Business Finance Journal,9(3), p.27. You, J., 2017.The Impact of IFRS 16 Lease on Financial Statement of Airline Companies(Doctoral dissertation, Auckland University of Technology).

Crisis Management Essay Example

Crisis Management Essay Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a major event that threatens to harm the organization, its stakeholders, or the general public. Three elements are common to most definitions of crisis: (a) a threat to the organization, (b) the element of surprise, and (c) a short decision time. [1] Venette[2] argues that crisis is a process of transformation where the old system can no longer be maintained. Therefore the fourth defining quality is the need for change.If change is not needed, the event could more accurately be described as a failure or incident. In contrast to risk management, which involves assessing potential threats and finding the best ways to avoid those threats, crisis management involves dealing with threats after they have occurred. It is a discipline within the broader context of management consisting of skills and techniques required to identify, assess, understand, and cope with a serious situation, especially from the moment it first o ccurs to the point that recovery procedures start. Contents [hide] †¢1 Introduction 2 Types of crisis o2. 1 Natural crises o2. 2 Technological crises o2. 3 Confrontation crises o2. 4 Crises of malevolence o2. 5 Crises of organizational misdeeds ?2. 5. 1 Crises of skewed management values ?2. 5. 2 Crises of deception ?2. 5. 3 Crises of management misconduct o2. 6 Workplace violence o2. 7 Rumors †¢3 Crisis Leadership o3. 1 Sudden crises o3. 2 Smoldering crises o3. 3 Signal detection o3. 4 Preparation and prevention o3. 5 Containment and damage control o3. 6 Business recovery o3. 7 Learning †¢4 Models and theories associated with crisis management o4. Crisis Management Model o4. 2 Management Crisis Planning o4. 3 Contingency planning o4. 4 Business continuity planning o4. 5 Structural-functional systems theory o4. 6 Diffusion of innovation theory o4. 7 Role of apologies in crisis management o4. 8 Crisis leadership o4. 9 Unequal human capital theory †¢5 Examples of s uccessful crisis management o5. 1 Tylenol (Johnson and Johnson) o5. 2 Odwalla Foods o5. 3 Mattel o5. 4 Pepsi †¢6 Examples of unsuccessful crisis management o6. 1 Bhopal o6. 2 Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company o6. 3 Exxon †¢7 Lessons learned in crisis management 7. 1 Impact of catastrophes on shareholder value o7. 2 Crisis as Opportunity †¢8 Public sector crisis management o8. 1 Schools and crisis management o8. 2 Government and crisis management o8. 3 Elected officials and crisis management †¢9 Professional Organizations †¢10 See also †¢11 References †¢12 Further reading †¢13 External links [edit] Introduction Crisis management consists of: †¢Methods used to respond to both the reality and perception of crises. †¢Establishing metrics to define what scenarios constitute a crisis and should consequently trigger the necessary response mechanisms. Communication that occurs within the response phase of emergency management scenar ios. Crisis management methods of a business or an organization are called Crisis Management Plan. Crisis management is occasionally referred to as incident management, although several industry specialists such as Peter Power argue that the term crisis management is more accurate. [3] The credibility and reputation of organizations is heavily influenced by the perception of their responses during crisis situations.The organization and communication involved in responding to a crisis in a timely fashion makes for a challenge in businesses. There must be open and consistent communication throughout the hierarchy to contribute to a successful crisis communication process. The related terms emergency management and business continuity management focus respectively on the prompt but short lived first aid type of response (e. g. putting the fire out) and the longer term recovery and restoration phases (e. g. moving operations to another site).Crisis is also a facet of risk management, al though it is probably untrue to say that Crisis Management represents a failure of Risk Management since it will never be possible to totally mitigate the chances of catastrophes occurring. [edit] Types of crisis During the crisis management process, it is important to identify types of crises in that different crises necessitate the use of different crisis management strategies. [4] Potential crises are enormous, but crises can be clustered. [4] Lerbinger[5] categorized seven types of crises 1. Natural disaster 2. Technological crises 3.Confrontation 4. Malevolence 5. Crisis of skewed management value 6. Crisis of deception 7. Crisis of management misconduct [edit] Natural crises Natural crises, typically natural disasters considered as acts of God, are such environmental phenomena as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes, floods, landslides, tsunamis, storms, and droughths that threaten life, property, and the environment itself. [4][5] Example: 2004 Indian Oce an earthquake (Tsunami) [edit] Technological crises Technological crises are caused by human application of science and technology.Technological accidents inevitably occur when technology becomes complex and coupled and something goes wrong in the system as a whole (Technological breakdowns). Some technological crises occur when human error causes disruptions (Human breakdowns[4]). People tend to assign blame for a technological disaster because technology is subject to human manipulation whereas they do not hold anyone responsible for natural disaster. When an accident creates significant environmental damage, the crisis is categorized as megadamage. [4] Samples include software failures, industrial accidents, and oil spills. 4][5] Examples: Chernobyl disaster, Exxon Valdez oil spill [edit] Confrontation crises Confrontation crises occur when discontented individuals and/or groups fight businesses, government, and various interest groups to win acceptance of their demands and expec tations. The common type of confrontation crises is boycotts, and other types are picketing, sit-ins, ultimatums to those in authority, blockade or occupation of buildings, and resisting or disobeying police. Example: Rainbow/PUSH’s (People United to Serve Humanity) boycott of Nike [edit] Crises of malevolenceAn organization faces a crisis of malevolence when opponents or miscreant individuals use criminal means or other extreme tactics for the purpose of expressing hostility or anger toward, or seeking gain from, a company, country, or economic system, perhaps with the aim of destabilizing or destroying it. Sample crises include product tampering, kidnapping, malicious rumors, terrorism, and espionage. [4][5] Example: 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders [edit] Crises of organizational misdeeds Crises occur when management takes actions it knows will harm or place stakeholders at risk for harm without adequate precautions. 4] Lerbinger[5] specified three different types of crises of organizational misdeeds: crises of skewed management values, crises of deception, and crises of management misconduct. [edit] Crises of skewed management values Crises of skewed management values are caused when managers favor short-term economic gain and neglect broader social values and stakeholders other than investors. This state of lopsided values is rooted in the classical business creed that focuses on the interests of stockholders and tends to view the interests of its other stakeholders such as customers, employees, and the community.Example: Sears sacrifices customer trust[clarification needed] [edit] Crises of deception Crises of deception occur when management conceals or misrepresents information about itself and its products in its dealing with consumers and others. Example: Dow Corning’s silicone-gel breast implant [edit] Crises of management misconduct Some crises are caused not only by skewed values and deception but deliberate amorality and illegality. [edi t] Workplace violence Crises occur when an employee or former employee commits violence against other employees on organizational grounds.Example: DuPont’s Lycra[clarification needed] [edit] Rumors False information about an organization or its products creates crises hurting the organization’s reputation. Sample is linking the organization to radical groups or stories that their products are contaminated. [4] Example: Procter Gambles Logo controversy [edit] Crisis Leadership Erika Hayes James, an organizational psychologist at the University of Virginia’s Darden Graduate School of Business, identifies two primary types of organizational crisis. 6] James defines organizational crisis as â€Å"any emotionally charged situation that, once it becomes public, invites negative stakeholder reaction and thereby has the potential to threaten the financial well-being, reputation, or survival of the firm or some portion thereof. † [7] 1. Sudden crisis 2. Smolderin g crises [edit] Sudden crises Sudden crises are circumstances that occur without warning and beyond an institution’s control. Consequently, sudden crises are most often situations for which the institution and its leadership are not blamed. [edit] Smoldering crisesSmoldering crises differ from sudden crises in that they begin as minor internal issues that, due to manager’s negligence, develop to crisis status. These are situations when leaders are blamed for the crisis and its subsequent effect on the institution in question. [8] James categorises five phases of crisis that require specific crisis leadership competencies. [8] Each phase contains an obstacle that a leader must overcome to improve the structure and operations of an organization. James’s case study on crisis in the financial services sector, for example, explores why crisis events erode public trust in leadership.Jamess research demonstrates how leadership competencies of integrity, positive intent , capability, mutual respect, and transparency impact the trust-building process. [9] 1. Signal detection 2. Preparation and prevention 3. Containment and damage control 4. Business recovery 5. Learning [edit] Signal detection Signal detection is the stage in a crisis in which leaders should, but do not always, sense early warning signals (red flags) that suggest the possibility of a crisis. The detection stages of a crisis include: Sense-making: represents an attempt to create order and make sense, retrospectively, of what occurs.Perspective-taking: the ability to consider another persons or groups point of view. [edit] Preparation and prevention It is during this stage that crisis handlers begin preparing for or averting the crisis that had been foreshadowed in the signal detection stage. Organizations such as the Red Crosss primary mission is to prepare for and prevent the escalation of crisis events. Walmart has been described as an emergency relief standard bearer after having witnessed the incredibly speedy and well-coordinated effort to get supplies to the Gulf Coast of the United States in anticipation of Hurricane Katrina. edit] Containment and damage control Usually the most vivid stage, the goal of crisis containment and damage control is to limit the reputational, financial, safety, and other threats to firm survival. Crisis handlers work diligently during this stage to bring the crisis to an end as quickly as possible to limit the negative publicity to the organization, and move into the business recovery phase. [edit] Business recovery When crisis hits, organizations must be able to carry on with their business in the midst of the crisis while simultaneously planning for how they will recover from the damage the crisis caused.Crisis handlers not only must engage in continuity planning (determining the people, financial, and technology resources needed to keep the organization running), but will also actively pursue organizational resilience. [edi t] Learning In the wake of a crisis, organizational decision makers adopt a learning orientation and use prior experience to develop new routines and behaviors that ultimately change the way the organization operates. The best leaders recognize this and are purposeful and skillful in finding the learning opportunities inherent in every crisis situation. edit] Models and theories associated with crisis management [edit] Crisis Management Model Successfully defusing a crisis requires an understanding of how to handle a crisis – before they occur. Gonzalez-Herrero and Pratt found the different phases of Crisis Management. There are 3 phases in any Crisis Management are as below 1. The diagnosis of the impending trouble or the danger signals. 2. Choosing appropriate Turnaround Strategy. 3. Implementation of the change process and its monitoring. [edit] Management Crisis PlanningNo corporation looks forward to facing a situation that causes a significant disruption to their busine ss, especially one that stimulates extensive media coverage. Public scrutiny can result in a negative financial, political, legal and government impact. Crisis management planning deals with providing the best response to a crisis. [10] [edit] Contingency planning Preparing contingency plans in advance, as part of a crisis management plan, is the first step to ensuring an organization is appropriately prepared for a crisis.Crisis management teams can rehearse a crisis plan by developing a simulated scenario to use as a drill. The plan should clearly stipulate that the only people to speak publicly about the crisis are the designated persons, such as the company spokesperson or crisis team members. The first hours after a crisis breaks are the most crucial, so working with speed and efficiency is important, and the plan should indicate how quickly each function should be performed. When preparing to offer a statement externally as well as internally, information should be accurate.Pr oviding incorrect or manipulated information has a tendency to backfire and will greatly exacerbate the situation. The contingency plan should contain information and guidance that will help decision makers to consider not only the short-term consequences, but the long-term effects of every decision. [10] [edit] Business continuity planning When a crisis will undoubtedly cause a significant disruption to an organization, a business continuity plan can help minimize the disruption. First, one must identify the critical functions and processes that are necessary to keep the organization running.Then each critical function and or/process must have its own contingency plan in the event that one of the functions/processes ceases or fails. Testing these contingency plans by rehearsing the required actions in a simulation will allow for all involved to become more sensitive and aware of the possibility of a crisisis. As a result, in the event of an actual crisis, the team members will act more quickly and effectively. [10] [edit] Structural-functional systems theory Providing information to an organization in a time of crisis is critical to effective crisis management.Structural-functional systems theory addresses the intricacies of information networks and levels of command making up organizational communication. The structural-functional theory identifies information flow in organizations as networks made up of members and links. Information in organizations flow in patterns called networks. [11] [edit] Diffusion of innovation theory Another theory that can be applied to the sharing of information is Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Developed by Everett Rogers, the theory describes how innovation is disseminated and communicated through certain channels over a period of time.Diffusion of innovation in communication occurs when an individual communicates a new idea to one or several others. At its most elementary form, the process involves: (1) an innovation, (2) an individual or other unit of adoption that has knowledge of or experience with using the innovation, (3) another individual or other unit that does not yet have knowledge of the innovation, and (4) a communication channel connecting the two units. A communication channel is the means by which messages get from one individual to another. [edit] Role of apologies in crisis managementThere has been debate about the role of apologies in crisis management, and some argue that apology opens an organization up for possible legal consequences. However some evidence indicates that compensation and sympathy, two less expensive strategies, are as effective as an apology in shaping people’s perceptions of the organization taking responsibility for the crisis because these strategies focus on the victims’ needs. The sympathy response expresses concern for victims while compensation offers victims something to offset the suffering. [12] [edit] Crisis leadershipJames identifies six le adership competencies which facilitate organizational restructuring during and after a crisis. 1. Building an environment of trust 2. Reforming the organization’s mindset 3. Identifying obvious and obscure vulnerabilities of the organization 4. Making wise and rapid decisions as well as taking courageous action 5. Learning from crisis to effect change. Crisis leadership research concludes that leadership action in crisis reflects the competency of an organization, because the test of crisis demonstrates how well the institution’s leadership structure serves the organization’s goals and withstands crisis. 8] Developing effective human resources is vital when building organizational capabilities through crisis management executive leadership. [13] [edit] Unequal human capital theory James postulates that organizational crisis can result from discrimination lawsuits. [14] James’s theory of unequal human capital and social position derives from economic theor ies of human and social capital concluding that minority employees receive fewer organizational rewards than those with access to executive management. In a recent study of managers in a Fortune 500 company, race was found to be a predictor of promotion opportunity or lack thereof. 15] Thus, discrimination lawsuits can invite negative stakeholder reaction, damage the companys reputation, and threaten corporate survival. [edit] Examples of successful crisis management [edit] Tylenol (Johnson and Johnson) In the fall of 1982, a murderer added 65 milligrams of cyanide to some Tylenol capsules on store shelves, killing seven people, including three in one family. Johnson Johnson recalled and destroyed 31 million capsules at a cost of $100 million. The affable CEO, James Burke, appeared in television ads and at news conferences informing consumers of the companys actions.Tamper-resistant packaging was rapidly introduced, and Tylenol sales swiftly bounced back to near pre-crisis levels. [16] When another bottle of tainted Tylenol was discovered in a store, it took only a matter of minutes for the manufacturer to issue a nationwide warning that people should not use the medication in its capsule form. [17] [edit] Odwalla Foods When Odwallas apple juice was thought to be the cause of an outbreak of E. coli infection, the company lost a third of its market value. In October 1996, an outbreak of E. oli bacteria in Washington state, California, Colorado and British Columbia was traced to unpasteurized apple juice manufactured by natural juice maker Odwalla Inc. Forty-nine cases were reported, including the death of a small child. Within 24 hours, Odwalla conferred with the FDA and Washington state health officials; established a schedule of daily press briefings; sent out press releases which announced the recall; expressed remorse, concern and apology, and took responsibility for anyone harmed by their products; detailed symptoms of E. coli poisoning; and explained wha t consumers should do with any affected products.Odwalla then developed through the help of consultants effective thermal processes that would not harm the products flavors when production resumed. All of these steps were communicated through close relations with the media and through full-page newspaper ads. [edit] Mattel Mattel Inc. , the toy maker, has been plagued with more than 28 product recalls and in Summer of 2007, amongst problems with exports from China, faced two product recall in two weeks. The company did everything it could to get its message out, earning high marks from consumers and retailers.Though upset by the situation, they were appreciative of the companys response. At Mattel, just after the 7 a. m. recall announcement by federal officials, a public relations staff of 16 was set to call reporters at the 40 biggest media outlets. They told each to check their e-mail for a news release outlining the recalls, invited them to a teleconference call with executives and scheduled TV appearances or phone conversations with Mattels chief executive. The Mattel CEO Robert Eckert did 14 TV interviews on a Tuesday in August and about 20 calls with individual reporters.By the weeks end, Mattel had responded to more than 300 media inquiries in the U. S. alone. [18] [edit] Pepsi The Pepsi Corporation faced a crisis in 1993 which started with claims of syringes being found in cans of diet Pepsi. Pepsi urged stores not to remove the product from shelves while it had the cans and the situation investigated. This led to an arrest, which Pepsi made public and then followed with their first video news release, showing the production process to demonstrate that such tampering was impossible within their factories.A second video news release displayed the man arrested. A third video news release showed surveillance from a convenience store where a woman was caught replicating the tampering incident. The company simultaneously publicly worked with the FDA durin g the crisis. The corporation was completely open with the public throughout, and every employee of Pepsi was kept aware of the details. [citation needed] This made public communications effective throughout the crisis.After the crisis had been resolved, the corporation ran a series of special campaigns designed to thank the public for standing by the corporation, along with coupons for further compensation. This case served as a design for how to handle other crisis situations. [19][citation needed] [edit] Examples of unsuccessful crisis management [edit] Bhopal The Bhopal disaster in which poor communication before, during, and after the crisis cost thousands of lives, illustrates the importance of incorporating cross-cultural communication in crisis management plans.According to American University’s Trade Environmental Database Case Studies (1997), local residents were not sure how to react to warnings of potential threats from the Union Carbide plant. Operating manuals p rinted only in English is an extreme example of mismanagement but indicative of systemic barriers to information diffusion. According to Union Carbide’s own chronology of the incident (2006), a day after the crisis Union Carbide’s upper management arrived in India but was unable to assist in the relief efforts because they were placed under house arrest by the Indian government.Symbolic intervention can be counter productive; a crisis management strategy can help upper management make more calculated decisions in how they should respond to disaster scenarios. The Bhopal incident illustrates the difficulty in consistently applying management standards to multi-national operations and the blame shifting that often results from the lack of a clear management plan. [20] [edit] Ford and Firestone Tire and Rubber Company The Ford-Firestone Tire and Rubber Company dispute transpired in August 2000.In response to claims that their 15-inch Wilderness AT, radial ATX and ATX II t ire treads were separating from the tire core—leading to grisly, spectacular crashes—Bridgestone/Firestone recalled 6. 5 million tires. These tires were mostly used on the Ford Explorer, the worlds top-selling sport utility vehicle (SUV). [21] The two companies committed three major blunders early on, say crisis experts. First, they blamed consumers for not inflating their tires properly. Then they blamed each other for faulty tires and faulty vehicle design.Then they said very little about what they were doing to solve a problem that had caused more than 100 deaths—until they got called to Washington to testify before Congress. [22] [edit] Exxon On March 24, 1989, a tanker belonging to the Exxon Corporation ran aground in the Prince William Sound in Alaska. The Exxon Valdez spilled millions of gallons of crude oil into the waters off Valdez, killing thousands of fish, fowl, and sea otters. Hundreds of miles of coastline were polluted and salmon spawning runs di srupted; numerous fishermen, especially Native Americans, lost their livelihoods.Exxon, by contrast, did not react quickly in terms of dealing with the media and the public; the CEO, Lawrence Rawl, did not become an active part of the public relations effort and actually shunned public involvement; the company had neither a communication plan nor a communication team in place to handle the event—in fact, the company did not appoint a public relations manager to its management team until 1993, 4 years after the incident; Exxon established its media center in Valdez, a location too small and too remote to handle the onslaught of media attention; and the company acted defensively in its response to its publics, even laying blame, at times, on other groups such as the Coast Guard. These responses also happened within days of the incident. [23] [edit] Lessons learned in crisis management [edit] Impact of catastrophes on shareholder valueOne of the foremost recognized studies condu cted on the impact of a catastrophe on the stock value of an organization was completed by Dr Rory Knight and Dr Deborah Pretty (1995, Templeton College, University of Oxford commissioned by the Sedgewick Group). This study undertook a detailed analysis of the stock price (post impact) of organizations that had experienced catastrophes. The study identified organizations that recovered and even exceeded pre-catastrophe stock price, (Recoverers), and those that did not recover on stock price, (Non-recoverers). The average cumulative impact on shareholder value for the recoverers was 5% plus on their original stock value. So the net impact on shareholder value by this stage was actually positive.The non-recoverers remained more or less unchanged between days 5 and 50 after the catastrophe, but suffered a net negative cumulative impact of almost 15% on their stock price up to one year afterwards. One of the key conclusions of this study is that Effective management of the consequences of catastrophes would appear to be a more significant factor than whether catastrophe insurance hedges the economic impact of the catastrophe. While there are technical elements to this report it is highly recommended to those who wish to engage their senior management in the value of crisis management. [citation needed] [edit] Crisis as Opportunity To address such shareholder impact, management must move from a mindset that manages crisis to one that generates crisis leadership. 6] Research shows that organizational contributory factors affect the tendency of executives to adopt an effective crisis as opportunity mindset. [24] Since pressure is both a precipitator and consequence of crisis, leaders who perform well under pressure can effectively guide the organization through such crisis. [25] James contends that most executives focus on communications and public relations as a reactive strategy. While the company’s reputation with shareholders, financial well-being, and su rvival are all at stake, potential damage to reputation can result from the actual management of the crisis issue. [6] Additionally, companies may stagnate as their risk management group identifies whether a crisis is sufficiently â€Å"statistically significant†. 26] Crisis leadership, on the other hand, immediately addresses both the damage and implications for the company’s present and future conditions, as well as opportunities for improvement. [8] [edit] Public sector crisis management Corporate America is not the only community that is vulnerable to the perils of a crisis. Whether a school shooting, a public health crisis or a terrorist attack that leaves the public seeking comfort in the calm, steady leadership of an elected official, no sector of society is immune to crisis. In response to that reality, crisis management policies, strategies and practices have been developed and adapted across multiple disciplines. [edit] Schools and crisis managementIn the wak e of the Columbine High School Massacre, the September 11 attacks in 2001, and shootings on college campuses including the Virginia Tech massacre, educational institutions at all levels are now focused on crisis management. [27] A national study conducted by the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) and Arkansas Children’s Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI) has shown that many public school districts have important deficiencies in their emergency and disaster plans (The School Violence Resource Center, 2003). In response the Resource Center has organized a comprehensive set of resources to aid schools is the development of crisis management plans. [citation needed] Crisis management plans cover a wide variety of incidents including bomb threats, child abuse, natural disasters, suicide, drug abuse and gang activities – just to list a few. 28] In a similar fashion the plans aim to address all audiences in need of information including parents, the media and law enforcement officials. [29] [edit] Government and crisis management Historically, government at all levels – local, state, and national – has played a large role in crisis management. Indeed, many political philosophers have considered this to be one of the primary roles of government. Emergency services, such as fire and police departments at the local level, and the United States National Guard at the federal level, often play integral roles in crisis situations. To help coordinate communication during the response phase of a crisis, the U. S.Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) within the Department of Homeland Security administers the National Response Plan (NRP). This plan is intended to integrate public and private response by providing a common language and outlining a chain-of-command when multiple parties are mobilized. It is based on the premise that incidences should be handled at the lowest organizational level possible. The NRP recognizes the pr ivate sector as a key partner in domestic incident management, particularly in the area of critical infrastructure protection and restoration. [30] The NRP is a companion to the National Incidence Management System that acts as a more general template for incident management regardless of cause, size, or complexity. 30] FEMA offers free web-based training on the National Response Plan through the Emergency Management Institute. [31] Common Alerting Protocol (CAP) is a relatively recent mechanism that facilitates crisis communication across different mediums and systems. CAP helps create a consistent emergency alert format to reach geographically and linguistically diverse audiences through both audio and visual mediums. [citation needed] [edit] Elected officials and crisis management Historically, politics and crisis go hand-in-hand. In describing crisis, President Abraham Lincoln said, â€Å"We live in the midst of alarms, anxiety beclouds the future; we expect some new disaster w ith each newspaper we read. [citation needed] Crisis management has become a defining feature of contemporary governance. In times of crisis, communities and members of organizations expect their public leaders to minimize the impact of the crisis at hand, while critics and bureaucratic competitors try to seize the moment to blame incumbent rulers and their policies. In this extreme environment, policy makers must somehow establish a sense of normality, and foster collective learning from the crisis experience. [32] In the face of crisis, leaders must deal with the strategic challenges they face, the political risks and opportunities they encounter, the errors they make, the pitfalls they need to avoid, and the paths away from crisis they may pursue.The necessity for management is even more significant with the advent of a 24-hour news cycle and an increasingly internet-savvy audience with ever-changing technology at its fingertips. [32] Public leaders have a special responsibility to help safeguard society from the adverse consequences of crisis. Experts in crisis management note that leaders who take this res

Essential Amino Acids and Their Role in Good Health

Essential Amino Acids and Their Role in Good Health An essential amino acid may also be called an indispensable amino acid. This is an amino acid that the body cannot synthesize on its own, so it must be obtained from the diet. Because each organism has its own physiology, the list of essential amino acids is different for humans than it is for other organisms. The Role of Amino Acids for Human Beings Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are essential to  forming our  muscles, tissues, organs, and glands. They also support human metabolism, protect the heart, and make it possible for our bodies to heal wounds and repair tissues. Amino acids are also essential for breaking down foods and removing waste from our bodies. Tryptophan and tyrosine are amino acids that produce neurotransmitters. Tryptophan produces the mood-regulating chemical serotonin and can make you sleepy. Tyrosine is essential for the production of norepinephrine and adrenaline and makes you feel more energetic.The amino acid arginine is essential to the production of nitric oxide which lowers blood pressure and helps to protect the heart.Histidine makes the enzymes needed to produce red blood cells and healthy nerves. ]Tyrosine is used in the production of thyroid hormones.Methionine makes a chemical called SAMe which is essential for the metabolism of DNA and neurotransmitters. Nutrition and Essential Amino Acids Because they cannot be produced by the body, essential amino acids must be part of everyones diet. It isnt critical that every essential amino acid be included in every meal, but over the course of a single day, its a good idea to eat foods that include  histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine,   tryptophan,   and valine. The best way to ensure that you are eating a sufficient quantity of foods with amino acids is to complete proteins. These include animal products including eggs, buckwheat, soybeans, and quinoa. Even if you dont specifically consume complete proteins, you can eat a variety of proteins throughout the day to ensure that you have enough essential amino acids. The recommended dietary allowance of protein is 46 grams daily for women and 56 grams for men.   Essential Versus Conditionally Essential Amino Acids The essential amino acids for all people are histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine. Several other amino acids are conditionally essential amino acids, meaning they are required at some stages of growth or by some people who cannot synthesize them, either because of genetics or a medical condition. In addition to the essential amino acids, babies and growing children also need arginine, cysteine, and tyrosine. Individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) need tyrosine and also must limit their intake of phenylalanine. Certain populations need arginine, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, histidine, proline, serine and tyrosine because they either cannot synthesize them at all or else are unable to make enough to meet the needs of their metabolism. List of Essential Amino Acids Essential Amino Acids Non-Essential Amino Acids histidine alanine isoleucine arginine* leucine aspartic acid lysine cysteine* methionine glutamic acid phenylalanine glutamine* threonine glycine* tryptophan proline* valine serine* tyrosine* asparagine* selenocysteine *conditionally essential

CASE ANALYSIS heart of atlanta motel v. united states Study

ANALYSIS heart of atlanta motel v. united states - Case Study Example In the case under consideration, Heart of Atlanta Motel questioned and challenged the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and attempted to justify and assert its policy of discrimination against African Americans. The Heart of Atlanta Hotel was located in Atlanta, Georgia. This facility denied the rights of admission to Black Americans, in direct violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The suit filed by the owner of this motel questioned the powers extended to Congress by the Civil Rights Act in the domain of interstate commerce. In addition, he validated his stance of discrimination against Black Americans on the grounds of the rights extended to him by the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendment. The United States justified its authority under the Commerce Clause and denied any violation of the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendment Rights of the appellant. On December 14, 1964, a nine-judge bench led by Justice Tom C. Clark unanimously voted in favor of the United States of America. The court validated the authority of Congress in the sphere of Interstate Commerce, as far as the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was concerned. It denied any violation of the Thirteenth Amendment rights of the appellant. The decision accepted the authority of the United States Government in interfering in the acts of discrimination in public accommodation and noted that the jurisdiction of the Title II was, â€Å"carefully limited to the enterprises having a direct and substantial relation to the interstate flow of goods and services†¦ (U.S. Supreme Court Media). Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited the practice of racial discrimination in public accommodations whose operations had an impact on the interstate commerce. The Heart of Atlanta motel located in Atlanta, Georgia denied admission to African Americans, in direct contradiction and violation of the Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The owner of this motel stated that the interference of the

The purpose of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The purpose of Education - Essay Example The current culture is fighting for the fulfilment of the educational standards. One should also admit that the author is rather dissatisfied with the one-sided view on the notion of liberal education. These usually deal with the concrete embodiment of abstract values including such important ones as "freedom" and "growth". The notion of cultural literacy is rather complicated. Also, the education is formally connected with the notion of human freedom (Lauro 147). The requirements show the tendency to vary from institution to institution. The complex curricular tables and credit formulas exist in combination with each other. The itemization that is traditionally used by education institutions does not adequately defines the meaning of liberal education. Education that is perceived as a process of educating future individuals that will be developing their talents. The basis for these talents development will be the idea of freedom and personal growth (The Art of Instruction 25). Education is described as the process that is more focused on the life of the mind and citizens as critical thinker. "Social capital in the collegiums, is build from ab investment of rime and commitment by individuals" (Downey 102). Civic engagement often involves experience-based understandings. All these things are fostered through activities. One of these activities is the community service (Education and the Democratic Island 17). The authors pay much attention to the development of the connection that should be present between liberal education and civic engagement. Education should be perceived as the finished product of person's cultural development. The specific thing achieved by this author is the picturing the connection that exists between culture and liberal education. Education is multidimensional notion. In practice it means that there are different ways of understanding education. That is the main reason of the numerous approaches that are used while defining the noti on of liberal education. The main point of contrast is the different perception of the notion education (Lauro 147). This thing is related to students' ability to facilitate their personal or deep engagement with their subject-matter. Engaging students in mathematical problem solving process is rather complicated issue (Education and the Democratic Island 17). The issue is projected to stimulate intellectual activity of the group as well as to build a deep mathematical understandings. When combined together, these issues are very important for a further development of the education. No less important issue is associated with encouraging in students to acquire a number of new personal characteristics. When combined together, these characteristics will contribute to speed the mathematics research in the future. Critics admit that "A school cannot be expected to instill distant behaviors in those whose moral education has been disregarded" (Education and the Democratic Island 16). The core of the whole process lies in recognising the education as an appropriate tool for a further research. The knowledge is appropriate for acquiring and interpreting the mathematical results. A number of the capabilities are helpful in developing 'ideas workers'. Developing this ability is important for cutting edge work.

Kudler Fine Food - Marketing Essay Example for Free

Kudler Fine Food Marketing Essay With the marketing focus review, this paper will discuss the potential technology solutions for customer contests, loyalty points programs, purchase tracking, benchmarking of internal versus external service processes, and the management of inventory and related costs. Also concepts such as consumer databases and customer relationship management systems (CRM) will be elaborated upon. A potential technology solution to support customer contests can be achieved through a simple manner of employing an online survey that can be held daily. A winner would be selected each day. The winner would enjoy the prize of being in the presence of Kathy Kudler in being taught how to prepare specialty foods in a cooking class. Another suggestion for a prize would be to provide tickets to special and private events that are held by Kudler Fine Foods. On the technology end of this solution, the customer would fill out the online survey and the information would be stored in a database. At the end of the month, a winner would be randomly selected from the database for the contest. The cost of the implementing and maintaining a program and the database would be affordable for Kudler Fine Foods. Essentially, the time and cost would be made up by the targeted customer’s desire to enter said contests to fully enjoy the Kudler Fine Foods executive experience. Also another option for a prize is to have cooking classes that are presented by cooking professionals, celebrities, or food experts rather than just the owner, Kathy Kudler. The Loyalty Points Program, also known as â€Å"frequent shopper program†, is a program that would allow the customer to accumulate points that can be used within the Kudler Fine Foods stores. With this program, customers shopping and purchasing habits can also be tracked. With the points that have been accumulated by the customer, the points can be exchanged for high-end items within the stores. By employing this program, Kudler Fine Foods will be more familiar with their customers as well as their spending habits. In addition to, this program will allow Kudler Fine Foods to keep track of each and every customer on the frequency of their visits to the stores and keep having them come back to accumulate more points. On the technology side of this programs, a data management system would be need to be constructed and maintained in order to keep track of the multitude of customers and their accumulation of â€Å"loyalty† points. This data management system would service all of the Kudler Fine Foods stores in ensuring that the all of the data is integrated for new customers, customer information is updated, and that duplicates are prevented. To allow customers to redeem their accumulated â€Å"loyalty† points, web servers would need to be set up to assist with the vast amount of data. Also, redundancy of the said servers would need to be implemented in case there is a hardware or software failure. The most important piece of the â€Å"loyalty† program is the card itself. It is a card that the customer would carry and has a unique identifier dedicated to that customer. With these cards, the customer can view online their accumulated points and purchases at Kudler Fine Foods. Kudler Fine Foods utilizes purchase tracking to follow profit, profit margin, and transactions that have taken place over a period of time. With the large amounts of data, Kudler Fine Foods will need an effective, efficient, and accurate means of capturing and storing this information. In stating that, the main server will need to be located at the main store so as to be a focal point for all communications that happen between all stores. Benchmarking can be described as the most effective method in relation to both products and processes. Other successful business entities that are similar to Kudler Fine Foods can be viewed as a model such as Wal-mart. Being able to view Wal-mart as a model for the processes, Kudler Fine Foods is able to meet benchmarking, if not higher, and continuously improve on it products and processes. On the technology side of benchmarking, online web based training courses can be created to teach and inform employees on the new products and services. An important part of Kudler Fine Foods is inventory management since Kudler Fine Foods is a store that sells a large amount of fine foods. Not knowing what is in stock can lead to an overstock or a shortage of merchandise. Having an overstock simply spells wasted money that could have been spent elsewhere. Having a shortage of product would lead to dissatisfied customers. On the technology side of inventory management, IT is a huge factor in tracking, recording, and warning about inventory. A main server would be connected to the point-of-sales machines and continuously keep track of all of the inventory from each and every store. The inventory management system would always be updated from when a new inventory is placed into stock and when an item is taken out of inventory. In conclusion, Kudler Fine Foods currently has a strong foothold in its marketing abilities. Employing the suggested potential technology solutions would not only promote efficient and effective processes but would also allow for room potential growth and increased revenue. With this vision in mind, this mission statement of Kudler Fine Foods will be met successfully as well as all of the standards that Kathy Kudler is counting on. References https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/secure/aapd/cist/vop/Business/Kudler2/internet/index. asp

Comparing Frankenstein and Paradise Lost :: comparison compare contrast essays

Frankenstein and Paradise Lost Striking similarities between a duo of novels are not unusual. The novel Frankenstein, by Mary Shelly, deals with a scientist named Victor Frankenstein who embodies a creature, who eventually wreaks havoc on his life. The novel Lost Paradise, by John Milton, exposes the cruelty of Christianity or the Christian God within the characters God, Satan, Adam, and Eve. Victor Frankenstein and God have many similarities, as they are both creators of incarnations. Victor's creature known as the monster shows striking similarities with Satan and Adam. Characters from different novels have similar personalities. As creators of another creature, God and Victor Frankenstein are very similar, in that they both lose part of their "family," and they let the war between them and their creations go on too long. Victor says, " I collected bones from charnel houses; and disturbed, with profane fingers, the tremendous secrets of the human frame." This shows that he creates the monster out of corpses, just as God creates Satan. Furthermore, Victor is disgusted with his own creation, "the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart." Victor rejects the monster, similar to God's disgust with Satan's pride. The monster wreaks havoc on the Victor's life, "; I called myself the murderer of William, of Justine, and of Clerval," leaving him with a burden of guilt, just as God loses his angels to Satan, Victor loses his family and friends to the monster. Victor at some point feels even more guilt because he didn't destroy the monster earlier. If God could so easily order the fallen angels to be pushed out of Heaven, why did he let the war go on for three days? This truly is remarkable, two novels of different time periods, with characters of startling resemblance. God and Frankenstein's creations stunningly resemble each other. The monster relates to Satan, Adam, and Eve. Victor quotes, "You may render me the most miserable of men, but you shall never make me base in my own eyes," this is when the monster asks for a companion, Victor refuses. The monster also shows that he will go to any extent to be happy and complete vengeance when he goes on a murder spree. Adam quotes " for with thee/ Certain my resolution is to die; /How can I live without thee?" Resembling the monster, hence he wants a companion, Eve.